Jurisdiction Guides
Financial Regulation by Jurisdiction
Navigate financial regulation through a jurisdiction lens — from EU-level regulation to local regulators, implementation status, and jurisdiction-specific guidance across seven jurisdictions.
European Union
ESMA, EBA, EIOPA, ECB
The EU regulatory framework for financial services. Regulations (MiCAR, CRR, SFDR) apply directly; directives (MiFID II, AIFMD) are transposed by Member States. The ESAs develop technical standards.
Netherlands
AFM & DNB
Twin-peaks supervisory model. The AFM handles conduct-of-business supervision while DNB oversees prudential requirements.
Germany
BaFin
Integrated financial supervisor covering banking, insurance, and securities. Pioneered crypto custody regulation with the KWG.
Luxembourg
CSSF
Europe’s largest fund centre with EUR 5+ trillion in assets. The CSSF serves as integrated supervisor for banking, investment, and fund management.
United Kingdom
FCA & PRA
Twin-peaks model with the FCA for conduct and PRA for prudential supervision. Post-Brexit, the UK is diverging from EU regulation under the Edinburgh Reforms.
Belgium
FSMA & NBB
Twin-peaks model. The FSMA handles conduct-of-business supervision and investor protection while the NBB oversees prudential requirements.
France
AMF & ACPR
Twin-peaks model with the AMF for markets and ACPR (Banque de France) for prudential supervision. Pioneered crypto regulation through the PSAN regime.
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